Ka ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea bokhoni ba ho hloekisa lefats'e ka bophara, maemo a thata a lihlahisoa tsa oli, le keketseho e tsoelang pele ea tlhoko ea lisebelisoa tse tala tsa lik'hemik'hale, tšebeliso ea li-catalyst tsa ho hloekisa e bile mokhoeng oa kholo o tsitsitseng. Har'a tsona, kholo e potlakileng ka ho fetisisa ke moruong o mocha le linaheng tse tsoelang pele.
Ka lebaka la thepa e fapaneng e tala, lihlahisoa le dibopeho tsa disebediswa tsa feme ka nngwe ya ho hlwekisa, bakeng sa tshebediso ya di-catalyst tse shebaneng haholo le ho fumana sehlahiswa se loketseng kapa disebediswa tse tala tsa dikhemikhale, kgetho ya di-catalyst tse nang le ho ikamahanya le maemo kapa kgetho e betere e ka rarolla mathata a bohlokwa a difeme tse fapaneng tsa ho hlwekisa le disebediswa tse fapaneng.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, Asia Pacific, Afrika le Bochabela bo Hare, tekanyo ea tšebeliso le sekhahla sa kholo ea lik'hathalethara tsohle, ho kenyeletsoa le ho hloekisa, ho etsa polymerization, tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale, jj. li phahame ho feta tsa libaka tse tsoetseng pele Europe le United States.
Nakong e tlang, katoloso ea hydrogenation ea peterole e tla ba kholo ka ho fetisisa, e lateloe ke hydrogenation ea distillate e mahareng, FCC, isomerization, hydrocracking, hydrogenation ea naphtha, hydrogenation ea oli e boima (oli e setseng), alkylation (superposition), reforming, jj., 'me tlhoko ea catalyst e tsamaellanang le eona e tla eketseha ka ho latellana.
Leha ho le jwalo, ka lebaka la diphetoho tse fapaneng tsa tshebediso ya di-catalyst tse fapaneng tsa ho hlwekisa oli, palo ya di-catalyst tse hlwekisang oli e ke ke ya eketseha ka katoloso ya bokgoni. Ho ya ka dipalopalo tsa thekiso ya mmaraka, thekiso e ngata ke di-catalyst tsa hydrogenation (ho metsa metsi le ho qhaqha metsi, tse etsang 46% ya kakaretso), e latelwa ke di-catalyst tsa FCC (40%), e latelwa ke di-catalyst tse ntlafatsang (8%), di-catalyst tsa alkylation (5%) le tse ding (1%).
Tsena ke litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa li-catalyst tse tsoang lik'hamphaning tse 'maloa tse tummeng machabeng:
Likhamphani tse 10 tse tummeng lefatšeng ka bophara tsa catalyst
1. Grace Davison, USA
Grace Corporation e thehiloe ka 1854 mme ntlo-kholo ea eona e Columbia, Maryland. Grace Davidson ke moetapele oa lefats'e lipatlisisong le tlhahisong ea li-catalyst tsa FCC 'me ke mofani e moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa li-catalyst tsa FCC le hydrogenation.
Khamphani e na le diyuniti tse pedi tsa lefatshe tse sebetsang kgwebong, Grace Davison le Grace Specialty Chemicals, le makala a robedi a dihlahiswa. Kgwebo ya Grace Davidson e kenyeletsa di-catalyst tsa FCC, di-catalyst tse ntshang metsi, di-catalyst tse ikgethang tse kenyeletsang di-catalyst tsa polyolefin le di-catalyst carriers, le thepa ya boenjiniere e thehilweng hodima silicon kapa silical-aluminium bakeng sa dikoahelo tsa dijithale tsa media dipampiring tsa kgatiso tsa indasteri, tsa bareki le tsa inkjet. Kgwebo ya di-catalyst tse ntshang metsi e tsamaiswa ke ART, e leng k'hamphani ya kopanelo.
2, Sehlopha sa lik'hemik'hale tse khethehileng tsa Amerika tsa Albemarle (ALbemarle)
Ka 1887, Arbel Paper Company e thehiloe Richmond, Virginia.
Ka 2004, kgwebo ya di-catalyst tsa ho hlwekisa oli ya Akzo-Nobel e ile ya rekwa, ya kena ka molao lefapheng la di-catalyst tsa ho hlwekisa oli, mme ya theha yuniti ya kgwebo ya di-catalyst ka di-catalyst tsa polyolefin; E ba mohlahisi wa bobedi wa di-catalyst tsa FCC ka boholo lefatsheng.
Hona jwale, e na le difeme tse fetang 20 tsa tlhahiso Amerika Leboya, Yuropa, Botjhabela bo Hare, Amerika Borwa, Japane le Chaena.
Arpels e na le litsi tse 8 tsa R&D linaheng tse 5 le liofisi tsa thekiso linaheng tse fetang 40. Ke mohlahisi e moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa li-brominated flame retardants, tse akaretsang tšebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, meriana, lihlahisoa tsa temo, indasteri ea likoloi, thepa ea kaho le ea ho paka.
Kgwebo e ka sehloohong e kenyeletsa di-additives tsa polymer, di-catalyst le k'hemistri e ntle dikarolo tse tharo.
Ho na le mefuta e mene e meholo ea li-polymer tse eketsang: lintho tse thibelang malakabe, li-antioxidants, lintho tse folisang le tse matlafatsang;
Kgwebo ya Catalyst e na le dikarolo tse tharo: catalyst ya ho hlwekisa, catalyst ya polyolefin, catalyst ya dikhemikhale;
Lik'hemik'hale tse Ntle Sebopeho sa khoebo: lik'hemik'hale tse sebetsang (pente, alumina), lik'hemik'hale tse ntle (lik'hemik'hale tsa bromine, lik'hemik'hale tsa oli) le tse mahareng (lithethefatsi, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana).
Har'a likarolo tse tharo tsa khoebo tsa k'hamphani ea Alpels, chelete e kenang ea thekiso ea selemo le selemo ea li-additives tsa polymer e ne e le kholo ka ho fetisisa, e lateloa ke li-catalyst, 'me chelete e kenang ea thekiso ea lik'hemik'hale tse ntle e ne e le nyane ka ho fetisisa, empa lilemong tse peli tse fetileng, chelete e kenang ea selemo le selemo ea thekiso ea khoebo ea catalyst e eketsehile butle-butle, 'me ho tloha ka 2008, e fetile khoebo ea li-additives tsa polymer.
Kgwebo ya Catalyst ke karolo e kgolo ya kgwebo ya Arpell. Arpels ke mofani wa bobedi ka boholo lefatsheng wa di-catalyst tse ntshang metsi (30% ya karolo ya mmaraka wa lefatshe) mme ke e mong wa bafani ba bararo ba ka sehloohong ba di-catalyst tse ntshang metsi lefatsheng.
3. Lik'hemik'hale tsa Dow
Dow Chemical ke k'hamphani ea lik'hemik'hale e fapaneng e nang le ntlo-kholo e Michigan, USA, e thehiloeng ka 1897 ke Herbert Henry Dow. E tsamaisa metheo ea tlhahiso e 214 linaheng tse 37, ka mefuta e fetang 5,000 ea lihlahisoa, tse sebelisoang haholo masimong a fetang 10 joalo ka likoloi, thepa ea kaho, motlakase le meriana. Ka 2009, Dow e ile ea beha boemong ba bo-127 ho Fortune Global 500 le boemong ba bo-34 ho Fortune National 500. Mabapi le thepa eohle, ke k'hamphani ea bobeli e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea lik'hemik'hale lefatšeng, ea bobeli feela kamora DuPont Chemical ea United States; Mabapi le chelete e kenang selemo le selemo, hape ke k'hamphani ea bobeli e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea lik'hemik'hale lefatšeng, kamora BASF ea Jeremane; Basebetsi ba fetang 46,000 lefatšeng ka bophara; E arotsoe ka likarolo tse 7 tsa khoebo ka mofuta oa sehlahisoa: Li-Plastic tse Sebetsang, Lik'hemik'hale tse Sebetsang, Saense ea Temo, Li-Plastic, Lik'hemik'hale tsa Motheo, Li-Hydrocarbon le Matla, Venture Capital. Khoebo ea Catalysts ke karolo ea karolo ea Lik'hemik'hale tse Sebetsang.
Li-catalyst tsa Dow li kenyelletsa: catalyst ea synthesis ea carbonyl ea NORMAX™; catalyst ea METEOR™ bakeng sa ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol; li-catalyst tsa polypropylene tsa SHAC™ le SHAC™ ADT; bisphenol ea DOWEX™ QCAT™; Ke mohlahisi ea ka sehloohong lefatšeng oa li-catalyst tsa polypropylene.
4. ExxonMobil
Exxonmobil ke khamphani e kgolo ka ho fetisisa ya oli lefatsheng, e nang le ntlo-kholo e Texas, USA. Khamphani eo, eo pele e neng e tsejwa e le Exxon Corporation le Mobil Corporation, e ile ya kopanngwa mme ya hlophiswa botjha ka la 30 Pudungwana 1999. Khamphani ena hape ke khamphani ya motswadi wa ExxonMobil, Mobil le Esso lefatsheng ka bophara.
E thehiloe ka 1882, Exxon ke khamphani e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea oli United States le e 'ngoe ea lik'hamphani tse supileng tse kholo le tsa khale ka ho fetisisa tsa oli lefatšeng. Mobil Corporation e thehiloe ka 1882, ke khamphani e akaretsang ea machaba e kopanyang lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele, tlhoekiso le indasteri ea peterole.
Exxon le Mobil li na le ntlo-kholo e ka holimo ho Houston, ntlo-kholo e ka tlase ho Fairfax, le ntlo-kholo ea k'hamphani e Irving, Texas. Exxon e na le 70% ea k'hamphani 'me Mobil e na le 30%. Exxonmobil, ka mekhatlo e amanang le eona, hajoale e sebetsa linaheng le libakeng tse ka bang 200 lefatšeng ka bophara 'me e hirile batho ba fetang 80,000.
Lihlahisoa tse ka sehloohong tsa Exxonmobil li kenyelletsa oli le khase, lihlahisoa tsa oli le lihlahisoa tsa petrochemical, ke mohlahisi e moholo ka ho fetisisa oa olefins monomer le polyolefin lefatšeng, ho kenyeletsoa ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, polypropylene; Kgwebo ea li-catalyst e ruiloe ke ExxonMobil Chemical. Exxonmobil Chemical e arotsoe ka likarolo tse 'ne tsa khoebo: li-polymer, lifilimi tsa polymer, lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale le theknoloji, 'me li-catalyst ke tsa karolo ea theknoloji.
UNIVATION, e leng kgwebo e kopanetsweng ya 50-50 pakeng tsa ExxonMobil le Dow Chemical Company, e na le theknoloji ya tlhahiso ya polyethylene ya UNIPOL™ le di-catalyst tsa polyolefin tse nang le lebitso la UCAT™ le XCAT™.
5. Khamphani ea Lihlahisoa tsa Oli ea Lefatše ea UOP
E thehiloe ka 1914 mme ntlo-kholo ea eona e le Desprine, Illinois, Global Oil Products ke k'hamphani ea lefats'e. Ka la 30 Pulungoana 2005, UOP e ile ea fetoha lekala le felletseng la Honeywell e le karolo ea khoebo ea maano ea Honeywell's Specialty Materials.
UOP e sebetsa ka likarolo tse robeli: matla a nchafatsoang le Lik'hemik'hale, li-adsorbents, lihlahisoa tse khethehileng le tse ikhethileng, ho hloekisa peterole, Aromatics le derivatives, linear alkyl benzene le Advanced Olefins, Light Olefins le lisebelisoa, ts'ebetso ea khase ea tlhaho, le lits'ebeletso.
UOP e fana ka meralo, boenjiniere, lits'ebeletso tsa boeletsi, laesense le lits'ebeletso, theknoloji ea ts'ebetso le tlhahiso ea li-catalyst, li-seeve tsa limolek'hule, li-adsorbent le lisebelisoa tse ikhethileng bakeng sa indasteri ea ho hloekisa peterole, petrochemical le ts'ebetso ea khase ea tlhaho, ka lilaesense tse 65 tsa theknoloji tse fumanehang.
UOP ke mofani e moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa zeolite le aluminium phosphate zeolite ka lihlahisoa tse fetang 150 tsa zeolite bakeng sa ho tlosa metsi, ho tlosa litšila tse sa reng letho le ho arola lihlahisoa tsa khase ea fektheri le thepa ea metsi. Bokhoni ba tlhahiso ea selemo le selemo ba sefe ea limolek'hule bo fihla lithane tse 70,000. Lefapheng la li-adsorbents tsa sefe ea limolek'hule, UOP e tšoere 70% ea karolo ea 'maraka oa lefats'e.
UOP hape ke mohlahisi e moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa alumina, ka lihlahisoa tse kenyeletsang pseudo-alumina, beta-alumina, gamma-alumina le α-alumina, tse fanang ka lijari tse chitja tsa alumina tse sebetsang le aluminium/silica-aluminium.
UOP e na le dipatente tse fetang 9,000 lefatsheng ka bophara mme e hahile disebediswa tse ka bang 4,000 e sebedisa dipatente tsa yona dinaheng tse fetang 80. Mashome a tsheletseng lekgolong la peterole ya lefatshe e hlahiswa ho sebediswa theknoloji ya UOP. Hoo e ka bang halofo ya disepa tse bolang tsa lefatshe di hlahiswa ho sebediswa theknoloji ya UOP. Hodima ditshebetso tse 36 tse kgolo tsa ho hlwekisa tse sebediswang indastering ya oli hona jwale, tse 31 di hlahisitswe ke UOP. Hona jwale, UOP e hlahisa dihlahiswa tse ka bang 100 tse fapaneng tsa catalyst le adsorbent bakeng sa mahlale a yona a nang le laesense le dikhamphani tse ding, tse sebediswang masimong a ho hlwekisa a kang ho lokisa, ho tlosa dikokwana-hloko, ho qhaqha metsi, ho ntsha metsi le ho tlosa dikokwana-hloko, hammoho le masimong a peterole ho kenyeletswa le tlhahiso ya di-aromatics (benzene, toluene le xylene), propylene, butene, ethylbenzene, styrene, isopropylbenzene le cyclohexane.
Li-catalyst tse ka sehloohong tsa UOP li kenyelletsa: catalyst e fetolang li-catalytic, catalyst ea C4 isomerization, catalyst ea C5 le C6 isomerization, catalyst ea xylene isomerization, catalyst ea hydrocracking e na le mefuta e 'meli ea hydrocracking le hydrocracking e bobebe, catalyst e thusang ka metsi, moemeli oa ho tlosa sulfurization ka oli, ho hlaphoheloa ha sebabole, phetoho ea khase ea mohatla le li-adsorbents tse ling tsa ho hloekisa oli.
6, Khamphani ea theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea ho hloekisa ea Amerika ea ART
Advanced Refining Technologies e thehiloe ka 2001 e le kopanelo ya 50-50 pakeng tsa Chevron Oil Products le Grace-Davidson. ART e thehilwe ho kopanya matla a theknoloji a Grace le Chevron ho ntshetsa pele le ho rekisa di-catalyst tsa hydrogenation indastering ya lefatshe ya ho hlwekisa, mme ke mohlahisi e moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng wa di-catalyst tsa hydrogenation, o fanang ka di-catalyst tsa hydrogenation tse fetang 50% lefatsheng.
ART e hokahanya lihlahisoa le lits'ebeletso tsa eona ka mafapha a thekiso le liofisi tsa Grace Corporation le Chevron Corporation lefatšeng ka bophara.
ART e na le lifeme tse 'ne tsa tlhahiso ea li-catalyst le setsi se le seng sa lipatlisiso tsa li-catalyst. ART e hlahisa li-catalyst bakeng sa ho qhaqha ka metsi, ho qhaqha ka metsi ka mokhoa o bonolo, ho tlosa li-isomerization dewaxing, ho fetola li-isomerization le ho qhibilihisa metsi.
Di-catalyst tse ka sehloohong di kenyeletsa Isocracking® bakeng sa isomerization, Isofinishing® bakeng sa isomerization, hydrocracking, mild hydrocracking, hydrofining, hydrotreating, residual hydrotreating.
7. Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Kopano
Univation, e thehiloeng ka 1997 mme ntlo-kholo ea eona e Houston, Texas, ke khoebo e kopanetsoeng ea 50:50 pakeng tsa ExxonMobil Chemical Company le Dow Chemical Company.
Univation e ikgethile ka ho fetisetsa theknoloji le di-catalyst tsa UNIPOL™ tse fumed tsa polyethylene, mme ke mofani wa laesense ya theknoloji e etellang pele lefatsheng le mofani wa lefatshe wa di-catalyst bakeng sa indasteri ya polyethylene. Ke moetsi le mofani wa bobedi ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng wa di-catalyst tsa polyethylene, e leng se etsang 30% ya mmaraka wa lefatshe. Di-catalyst tsa khamphani di etswa dibakeng tsa yona tsa Mont Belvieu, Seadrift le Freeport tse Texas.
Ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea polyethylene ea Univation, e tsejoang e le UNIPOL™, hajoale e na le mela ea tlhahiso ea polyethylene e fetang 100 e sebetsang kapa e ntseng e hahuoa ho sebelisoa UNIPOL™ linaheng tse 25, e leng se etsang karolo e fetang 25% ea kakaretso ea lefats'e.
Li-catalyst tse ka sehloohong ke: 1) catalyst ea chromium ea UCAT™ le catalyst ea Ziegler-Natta; 2) catalyst ea metallocene ea XCAT™, lebitso la khoebo la EXXPOL; 3) Catalyst ea PRODIGY™ Bimodal; 4) catalyst ea deaeration ea UT™.
8. BASF
Ntlo-kholo ea BASF e Munich, Jeremane, ke e 'ngoe ea lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa lik'hemik'hale tse kopaneng lefatšeng tse nang le lihlahisoa tse fetang 8,000, ho kenyeletsoa lik'hemik'hale tse nang le boleng bo holimo, polasetiki, lidae, lipente tsa likoloi, lisebelisoa tsa tšireletso ea limela, meriana, lik'hemik'hale tse ntle, oli le khase.
Basf ke mohlahisi e moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, aniline, caprolactam le foamed styrene. Polypropylene, polystyrene, hydroxyl alcohol le lihlahisoa tse ling li behiloe boemong ba bobeli lefatšeng; Ethylbenzene, bokhoni ba tlhahiso ea styrene bo boemong ba boraro lefatšeng. Basf ke e 'ngoe ea bafani ba kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ba li-additives tsa lijo, ho kenyeletsoa li-mono-vithamine, li-multivitamine, li-carotenoids, li-lysine, li-enzyme le li-preservative tsa lijo.
Basf e na le diyuniti tse tsheletseng tse arohaneng tsa kgwebo: Dikhemikhale, Dipolasitiki, Ditharollo tse Sebetsang, Dihlahiswa tsa Tshebetso, Dikhemikhale tsa Temo le Oli le Khase.
Basf ke khamphani e le 'ngoe feela lefatšeng e akaretsang khoebo eohle ea li-catalyst, e nang le mefuta e fetang 200 ea li-catalyst. E kenyelletsa haholo-holo: catalyst ea ho hloekisa oli (catalyst ea FCC), catalyst ea likoloi, catalyst ea lik'hemik'hale (catalyst ea koporo ea chromium le catalyst ea ruthenium, jj.), catalyst ea tšireletso ea tikoloho, catalyst ea ho tlosa oksijene le catalyst ea ho hloekisa ho tlosa oksijene.
Basf ke mohlahisi wa bobedi ka boholo lefatsheng wa di-catalyst tsa FCC, ka hoo e ka bang 12% ya karolo ya mmaraka wa lefatshe bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa di-catalyst.
9. Khamphani ea Oli ea Brithani ea BP
BP ke e 'ngoe ea lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa oli tsa machaba tse kopaneng tse holimo le tse tlase lefatšeng, ntlo-kholo ea eona e London, UK; Khoebo ea k'hamphani e akaretsa linaha le libaka tse fetang 100, ho kenyeletsoa le lipatlisiso le tlhahiso ea oli le khase, ho hloekisa le ho bapatsa, matla a nchafatsoang libaka tse tharo tse ka sehloohong; BP e arotsoe ka likarolo tse tharo tsa khoebo: Ho Batla le ho Hlahisa Oli le Khase, Ho Hloekisa le ho Bapatsa, le likhoebo tse ling (matla a nchafatsoang le a Marine). Khoebo ea BP ea li-catalyst ke karolo ea Lefapha la Ho Hloekisa le ho Bapatsa.
Lihlahisoa tsa peterolek'hemistri li kenyelletsa mekhahlelo e 'meli, sehlopha sa pele ke lihlahisoa tsa letoto la aromatic le acetic acid, haholo-holo ho kenyeletsoa PTA, PX le acetic acid; Sehlopha sa bobeli ke li-olefin le li-derivatives tsa tsona, haholo-holo ho kenyeletsoa ethylene, propylene le lihlahisoa tse tsoang tlase. PTA ea BP (thepa e tala ea mantlha bakeng sa tlhahiso ea polyester), PX (thepa e tala ea mantlha bakeng sa tlhahiso ea PTA) le bokhoni ba tlhahiso ea acetic acid li maemong a pele lefatšeng. BP e thehile theknoloji ea beng ba eona bakeng sa tlhahiso ea PX e thehiloeng ho catalyst ea eona ea isomerization le theknoloji e sebetsang ea kristale. BP e na le theknoloji e etelletseng pele e nang le patent bakeng sa tlhahiso ea Cativa® acetic acid.
Kgwebo ya BP ya olefin le di-derivatives e fumaneha haholoholo Chaena le Malaysia.
10, Khamphani ea Lik'hemik'hale ea Jeremane Boroa ea Sud-Chemie
Khamphani ea Lik'hemik'hale ea Boroa e thehiloeng ka 1857, ke k'hamphani e ncha haholo e thathamisitsoeng lik'hemik'haleng tse ikhethang tsa machaba e nang le nalane ea lilemo tse fetang 150, e nang le ntlo-kholo e Munich, Jeremane.
Khamphani ea Lik'hemik'hale ea Nanfang e na le lik'hamphani tse 77 tse thusang ka kotloloho kapa ka tsela e sa tobang, ho kenyeletsoa lik'hamphani tse 5 tsa malapeng Jeremane, lik'hamphani tse 72 tsa kantle ho naha, ka ho latellana li oela likarolong tse peli tsa adsorbent le catalyst, bakeng sa petrochemical, ts'ebetso ea lijo, thepa ea bareki, ho lahla, kalafo ea metsi, tšireletso ea tikoloho le liindasteri tse ling ho fana ka lihlahisoa le litharollo tsa catalyst tse sebetsang hantle, adsorbent le tse ling.
Kgwebo ya catalyst ya Khamphani ya Dikhemikhale ya Nanfang ke ya Lefapha la catalyst. Lefapha lena le bopilwe ke Theknoloji ya Catalyst, Matla le Tikoloho.
Karolo ea Theknoloji ea Catalyst e arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 'ne tsa khoebo ea lefats'e: li-catalyst tsa karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale, li-catalyst tsa petrochemical, li-catalyst tsa ho hloekisa oli le li-catalyst tsa polymerization.
Mefuta ea catalyst ea Nanfang Chemical e kenyelletsa haholo-holo: catalyst ea tlhoekiso ea thepa e tala, petrosehokelo sa lik'hemik'hale, sehokelo sa lik'hemik'hale, sehokelo sa ho hloekisa oli, sehokelo sa ho lokisa oli ka polymerization ea olefin, sehokelo sa ho hloekisa moea, sehokelo sa sele ea mafura.
Hlokomela: Hona jwale, Khamphani ya Dikhemikhale ya Borwa (SUD-Chemie) e rekilwe ke Clariant!
Nako ea poso: Phato-17-2023
